Talk:Tenant by Spousal Status (RTA)

Fact Situation

A female tenant and her boyfriend move into a rental unit together. The female tenant is the only tenant listed on the lease, the boyfriend is only listed as an occupant. The female tenant moves out of the rental unit for three months claiming the relationship with her boyfriend has ended. The female tenant then moves back in on the fourth month and instructs the landlord to disable the boyfriend/common-law partner's key-fob access to the rental unit. The rent is fully paid with no arrears owing at the time the landlord locked out the boyfriend.

Core Question: Does the boyfriend have any protections under the RTA that prevent the landlord from removing him from the rental unit?

Legal Questions (Re: Fact Situation)

• Is the boyfriend a spouse as defined by the RTA?
• Is a common-law partner entitled to the same protections as a spouse under the RTA?, yes see: 2(1) definition of spouse
• If a common-law partner status has been removed, does the common-law partner lose the protection of the RTA?

Legal Theory (Re: Fact Situation)

1. Once a tenant has obtained a status under the RTA with an entitlement of protection that status cannot be removed, even if the reason that conferred the status in the first place is no longer a factor in play.

Statutory Interpretation

• Rizzo & Rizzo Shoes Ltd. (Re), 1998 CanLII 837 (SCC), (1998) 1 SCR 27

Interpretation Act, R.S.O. 1990, c. I.11

10. Every Act shall be deemed to be remedial, whether its immediate purport is to direct the doing of anything that the Legislature deems to be for the public good or to prevent or punish the doing of any thing that it deems to be contrary to the public good, and shall accordingly receive such fair, large and liberal construction and interpretation as will best ensure the attainment of the object of the Act according to its true intent, meaning and spirit.

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17. The repeal or amendment of an Act shall be deemed not to be or to involve any declaration as to the previous state of the law.

20 At the heart of this conflict is an issue of statutory interpretation. Consistent with the findings of the Court of Appeal, the plain meaning of the words of the provisions here in question appears to restrict the obligation to pay termination and severance pay to those employers who have actively terminated the employment of their employees. At first blush, bankruptcy does not fit comfortably into this interpretation. However, with respect, I believe this analysis is incomplete.

21 Although much has been written about the interpretation of legislation (see, e.g., Ruth Sullivan, Statutory Interpretation (1997); Ruth Sullivan, Driedger on the Construction of Statutes (3rd ed. 1994) (hereinafter “Construction of Statutes”); Pierre-André Côté, The Interpretation of Legislation in Canada (2nd ed. 1991)), Elmer Driedger in Construction of Statutes (2nd ed. 1983) best encapsulates the approach upon which I prefer to rely. He recognizes that statutory interpretation cannot be founded on the wording of the legislation alone. At p. 87 he states:

Today there is only one principle or approach, namely, the words of an Act are to be read in their entire context and in their grammatical and ordinary sense harmoniously with the scheme of the Act, the object of the Act, and the intention of Parliament.

Recent cases which have cited the above passage with approval include: R. v. Hydro-Québec, 1997 CanLII 318 (SCC), (1997) 3 S.C.R. 213; Royal Bank of Canada v. Sparrow Electric Corp., 1997 CanLII 377 (SCC), (1997) 1 S.C.R. 411; Verdun v. Toronto-Dominion Bank, 1996 CanLII 186 (SCC), (1996) 3 S.C.R. 550; Friesen v. Canada, 1995 CanLII 62 (SCC), (1995) 3 S.C.R. 103.

Spouse under the RTA

Residential Tenancies Act, 2006, S.O. 2006, c. 17

2 (1) In this Act,

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“tenant” includes a person who pays rent in return for the right to occupy a rental unit and includes the tenant’s heirs, assigns and personal representatives, but “tenant” does not include a person who has the right to occupy a rental unit by virtue of being,

(a) a co-owner of the residential complex in which the rental unit is located, or

(b) a shareholder of a corporation that owns the residential complex; (“locataire”)

(2) In the definition of “spouse”, a reference to marriage includes a marriage that is actually or potentially polygamous, if it was celebrated in a jurisdiction whose system of law recognizes it as valid.

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“spouse” means a person,

(a) to whom the person is married, or

(b) with whom the person is living in a conjugal relationship outside marriage, if the two persons,

(i) have cohabited for at least one year,

(ii) are together the parents of a child, or

(iii) have together entered into a cohabitation agreement under section 53 of the Family Law Act; (“conjoint”)

NOTE: Where there is a vagueness in the plain reading of the meaning of a section of an act, the default reading must go to the party that affords the greater protection, so on plain reading of sub (b) under spouse, the act could read either

“spouse” means a person,

(a) to whom the person is married, or

(b) with whom the person is living in a conjugal relationship outside marriage, if the two persons,

(i) have cohabited for at least one year, AND,

(ii) are together the parents of a child, or

(iii) have together entered into a cohabitation agreement under section 53 of the Family Law Act; (“conjoint”)

IN THE ALTERNATIVE; the section could read,

“spouse” means a person,

(a) to whom the person is married, or

(b) with whom the person is living in a conjugal relationship outside marriage, if the two persons,

(i) have cohabited for at least one year,OR,

(ii) are together the parents of a child, or

(iii) have together entered into a cohabitation agreement under section 53 of the Family Law Act; (“conjoint”)

Grammarly Blog

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Commas with Lists

When you have a list that contains more than two elements, use commas to separate them.

Incorrect: Julie loves ice cream books and kittens.

Correct: Julie loves ice cream, books, and kittens.

Correct: Julie loves ice cream, books and kittens.

(The comma before the and in a list of three or more items is optional. See below under Serial Comma for more information.)

Your list might be made up of nouns, as in the example above, but it could also be made up of verbs, adjectives, or clauses. Imagine, for a moment, that you have just finished doing three chores. The chores were:

• Cleaning the house and garage
• Raking the lawn
• Taking out the garbage

If you were to list these three chores in a sentence, you would write:

Correct: I cleaned the house and garage, raked the lawn, and took out the garbage.

or

Correct: I cleaned the house and garage, raked the lawn and took out the garbage.

Serial Comma (Oxford Comma)

As mentioned above, when you are listing three or more items, commas should separate each element of the list. However, the final comma—the one that comes before the and—is optional. This comma is called the serial comma or the Oxford comma.

Example: Mary needs bread, milk, and butter at the grocery store. (With serial comma)

Example: Mary needs bread, milk and butter at the grocery store. (Without serial comma)

Example: I still have to buy a gift, pack the suitcases, and arrange for someone to water the plants while we’re at the wedding. (With serial comma)

Example: I still have to buy a gift, pack the suitcases and arrange for someone to water the plants while we’re at the wedding. (Without serial comma)

Whether or not you use the serial comma is a style choice. Many newspapers do not use it. Many trade books do use it. In your own writing, you can decide for yourself whether to use it or not—just be consistent.

Keep in mind, though, that occasionally the serial comma is necessary for clarity.

Example: I dedicate this award to my parents, Jane Austen and Albert Einstein.

The sentence above will almost certainly cause readers to do a double-take. Without a serial comma, it looks like “Jane Austen and Albert Einstein” is an appositive, rather than two more elements in a list. To put it another way, the writer seems to be saying that her parents are Jane Austen and Albert Einstein. A serial comma eliminates the possibility of misreading, so even if you’re not using serial commas in your writing, make an exception for sentences like this:

Example: I dedicate this award to my parents, Jane Austen, and Albert Einstein.

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Using a Comma in Lists

O. Reg. 516/06: GENERAL made under the Residential Tenancies Act, 2006

3. (2) If a tenant vacates a rental unit without giving a notice of termination under the Act and without entering into an agreement to terminate the tenancy, and the rental unit is the principal residence of the spouse of that tenant, the spouse is included in the definition of “tenant” in subsection 2 (1) of the Act. O. Reg. 516/06, s. 3 (2).

Rights Can't be Removed once Conferred

• It is my position that once the provisions under O. Reg. 516/06: GENERAL have been triggered, the landlord cannot revoke the newly conferred status by having the first tenant move back in.

Cowie v. Bindlish, 2010 ONSC 2628 (CanLII)

[16] It is my respectful view that neither view was a sufficient basis on which the board was entitled to decline jurisdiction. Both board members erred in law, albeit differently, in their respective interpretation of section 5 (i) of the Act and we must now interfere. The section explicitly creates an exemption from the general application of the Act only if the person in the category of the respondent “lives in the building in which the living accommodation is located”. That means that the respondent was required to live in the building at the time when she rented the room to the appellant in order for the exemption to apply. It was not sufficient that she merely intended to move in at some subsequent time. Nor was it sufficient that she actually did move in at a subsequent time.

[17] Any interpretation of section 5 (i) of the Act that would permit the respondent to unilaterally cause the board to be deprived of its jurisdiction to hear the appellant’s application by forming an intention in her own mind without communicating it to the appellant or by moving into the house at a later time would be contrary to the language of the section and the intention of the Legislature and would be grossly unfair. It would also effectively result in an unwarranted revision of the tenancy agreement that the parties had made.

SWL-17145-18 (Re), 2018 CanLII 88667 (ON LTB)

20. In this case, when the Landlord moved out, I find he made a unilateral decision that caused the Act to apply after he vacated. I do not view this to be an “unwarranted” revision of the tenancy that is unfair to the Tenant; rather it is a reasonable revision of the tenancy agreement reflecting the reality of the Tenant’s changed living arrangements. As a result of the Landlord’s decision to vacate the Tenant, gained the legal protection offered by the Act.

21. The Landlord and his spouse, expecting their first baby, purchased a new primary residence and permanently vacated the rental unit in order to permanently move into their family home. This action caused the exemption set out in subsection 5(i) to cease to apply as the Tenant was no longer required to share a kitchen or bathroom with the owner or a family member of the owner. Once the exemption in subsection 5(i) of the Act ceased to apply, the tenancy became subject to the Act in accordance with subsection 3(1) of the Act.

22. I must determine exactly when the Act began to apply to this tenancy. The Landlord testified that he moved out of the rental unit in January 2018, while the Tenant insisted he moved out in December 2017. With no other supporting evidence, I find the Landlord vacated on or before December 31, 2017, as the Landlord testified he turned the gas to the stove off sometime before January 1, 2018.

TST-78142-16 (Re), 2016 CanLII 88280 (ON LTB)

15. Section 5(i) of the Act states that the Act does not apply if the tenant is required to share a kitchen or bathroom with the owner.

16. The Landlord testified that he moved into one of the units in the residential complex on September 14, 2016, after the Tenant’s tenancy began. The Landlord’s unit has a bathroom but the Landlord shares a kitchen with three other units. The Landlord testified that he told the Tenant that he was moving into the unit 7 – 10 days prior to moving in but he did not discuss with the Tenant how this would impact the terms of the Tenant’s tenancy.

17. There was no evidence before me that the Landlord moved into the residential complex with the bad faith intention of causing the rental unit to be exempt from the application of the Act, under section 5(i). In fact, it was the Tenant’s legal representative who raised the issue of the application of the Act at the hearing.

18. I nevertheless find that the Act applies to the rental unit for the purpose of this hearing, despite section 5(i) of the Act. The Landlord cannot unilaterally change a fundamental aspect of the Tenant’s tenancy (i.e. whether the Act applies to it) by moving into the residential complex after the tenancy has already begun. (See Cowie v. Bindlish, 2010 ONSC 2628 (CanLII), paras. 16-17). Accordingly, I am satisfied on a balance of probabilities that the Act applied to the rental unit during the Tenant’s tenancy, including at the time of the lock out.